¿Por qué tratamos mejor a nuestro grupo interno que a nuestro grupo externo?

Sesgo intragrupo

explicó.
Bias

¿Qué es el sesgo intragrupo?

El sesgo intragrupal (también conocido como favoritismo intragrupal) es la tendencia de las personas a dar un trato preferente a otras que pertenecen al mismo grupo que ellas. Este sesgo aparece incluso cuando las personas se agrupan al azar, lo que hace que la pertenencia a un grupo carezca de sentido.

In-group bias

Dónde se produce este sesgo

Supongamos que eres aficionado al fútbol americano y te gustan los New England Patriots. En el trabajo, tienes un par de compañeros a los que también les gusta el fútbol: John, que también es seguidor de los Patriots, y Julie, que apoya a los Philadelphia Eagles. Eres mucho más amigo de John que de Julie, aunque Julie y tú tengáis más cosas en común (aparte de las preferencias deportivas) que John. Tus amistades de trabajo son un ejemplo del sesgo de grupo.

Referencias

  1. Cadsby, C. B., Du, N., & Song, F. (2016). In-group favoritism and moral decision-making. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 128, 59-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2016.05.008
  2. Gazal-Ayal, O., & Sulitzeanu-Kenan, R. (2010). Let my people go: Ethnic in-group bias in judicial decisions-evidence from a randomized natural experiment. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 7(3), 403-428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-1461.2010.01183.x
  3. Billig, M., & Tajfel, H. (1973). Social categorization and similarity in intergroup behaviour. European journal of social psychology, 3(1), 27-52.
  4. Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual review of psychology, 33(1), 1-39.
  5. Kaufman, S. B. (2019, June 7). In-group favoritism is difficult to change, even when the social groups are meaningless. Scientific American Blog Network. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/in-group-favoritism-is-difficult-to-change-even-when-the-social-groups-are-meaningless/
  6. Hogg, M. A., Terry, D. J., & White, K. M. (1995). A tale of two theories: A critical comparison of identity theory with social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58(4), 255. https://doi.org/10.2307/2787127
  7. Golec de Zavala, A., Federico, C. M., Sedikides, C., Guerra, R., Lantos, D., Mroziński, B., … & Baran, T. (2019). Low self-esteem predicts out-group derogation via collective narcissism, but this relationship is obscured by in-group satisfaction. Journal of personality and social psychology.
  8. Yamagishi, T., Jin, N., & Miller, A. S. (1998). In-group bias and culture of collectivism. Asian Journal Of Social Psychology, 1(3), 315-328. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839x.00020
  9. Konnikova, M. (2012, September 5). Revisiting robbers cave: The easy spontaneity of intergroup conflict. Scientific American Blog Network. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/literally-psyched/revisiting-the-robbers-cave-the-easy-spontaneity-of-intergroup-conflict/
  10. Perry, G. (2014, November). The view from the boys. The Psychologist. https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-11/view-boys
  11. Schnake, S., Beal, D., & Ruscher, J. (2006). Modern Racism and Intergroup Bias in Causal Explanation. Race, Gender & Class, 13(1/2), 133-143. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41675227
  12. Stagnaro, M., Dunham, Y., & Rand, D. G. (2018). Profit versus prejudice: Harnessing self-interest to reduce in-group bias. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(1), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617699254
  13. Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Rust, M. C., Nier, J. A., Banker, B. S., Ward, C. M., … & Houlette, M. (1999). Reducing intergroup bias: Elements of intergroup cooperation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 76(3), 388.
  14. Rand, D. G., Pfeiffer, T., Dreber, A., Sheketoff, R. W., Wernerfelt, N. C., & Benkler, Y. (2009). Dynamic remodeling of in-group bias during the 2008 presidential election. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(15), 6187-6191. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811552106
  15. Wann, D. L., & Grieve, F. G. (2005). Biased evaluations of in-group and out-group spectator behavior at sporting events: The importance of team identification and threats to social identity. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(5), 531-546. https://doi.org/10.3200/socp.145.5.531-546
  16. Shariatmadari, D. (2018, April 16). A real-life Lord of the Flies: the troubling legacy of the Robbers Cave experiment. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/apr/16/a-real-life-lord-of-the-flies-the-troubling-legacy-of-the-robbers-cave-experiment
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